Performance in 2013 is considerably better than the $7.4 billion net profit of 2012. The upward trend should continue into 2014 when airlines are expected to return a net profit of $16.4 billion. This would make 2014 the second strongest year this century after the record breaking $19.2 billion profit in 2010.
“Overall, the story is largely positive. Profitability continues on an improving trajectory. But we have run into a few speed bumps. Cargo growth has not materialized. Emerging markets have slowed. And the oil price spike has had a dampening effect. We do see a more optimistic end to the year. And 2014 is shaping up to see profit more than double compared to 2012,” Tony Tyler, IATA’s Director General and CEO, said.
Airline performance remains strong. This year, airlines are expected to post the same operating margin (3.2%) as in 2006, even with a 54% hike in jet fuel prices. The industry has been able to absorb this enormous cost increase as a result of changes in the industry structure (through consolidation and joint ventures), increased ancillary sales and reduced new entry due to tight financial markets. Moreover, the industry is expected to have a relatively good year even with global economic growth at 2.0%. Previously 2.0% gross domestic product (GDP) growth was considered the point below which airlines posted losses.
Economic Growth: Airline profits generally follow broad economic trends. Business confidence bottomed out at the end of 2012 and we have been expecting an acceleration of economic activity to follow. That has not yet materialized. GDP growth in 2013 is now expected to be 2.0% which is slightly below the 2.2% recorded in 2012. Within that overall trend, we have seen an acceleration of improvements in developed markets (particularly the US) and a deceleration of growth in some key emerging markets (India, Brazil and to some extent China).
Oil Price: Oil prices are expected to average at $109/barrel (Brent) for the year. While this is $1.0 higher than previously expected, jet fuel prices have softened slightly. We now expect jet fuel prices to average $126.4/barrel ($1.0 less than expected). The net impact on the overall fuel bill (which is expected to total $213 billion and account for 31% of total costs) is expected to be neutral. The impact of the Syrian crisis and higher oil prices has been felt more through a dampening of demand.
Passenger: Passenger growth remains robust at 5.0%, although slightly below the 5.3% previously projected and below the 5.3% growth recorded in 2012. Passenger numbers are expected to grow to 3.12 billion—the first time that they have topped the 3 billion mark. Yields are expected to be flat for the year (below the 0.3% growth previously projected). It should however be noted that load factors are at record highs (80.2%) and yields in the US are above pre-recession levels.
Cargo markets remain in the doldrums. Growth of 0.9% is expected (down from the previously projected 1.5%). The ability of airlines to match cargo capacity to demand is limited by the natural growth in belly capacity that occurs as airlines respond to passenger demand. As a result of this mismatch, cargo yields are expected to fall by 4.9% this year (deeper than the 2.0% decline previously projected). Cargo revenues are expected to show an $8 billion decline to $59 billion from their peak in 2011. By comparison passenger revenues expanded by $68 billion to $565 billion over the same period.
North American airlines are expected to post the strongest performance at $4.9 billion profits (up from the previously forecast $4.4 billion) for an Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) margin of 4.3%. This is more than double the $2.3 billion profit of 2012. Along with an improved overall economic outlook, the North American industry’s improved profitability is being driven by the impact of a better industry structure. Consolidation and international joint ventures on major markets are driving efficiency gains. Consumers are benefitting both from expanded networks with more travel options and from significant investments to improve service levels. Passenger demand is expected to grow by a modest 2.0% which is the slowest growth of any region. But this will outstrip the 1.6% expansion in capacity. Concerns over the trend towards more onerous regulation in the US have increased considerably with unfounded objections to further consolidation by the US Department of Justice.
European airlines are expected to record profits of $1.7 billion (up from the previously expected $1.6 billion). While this is a considerable improvement on the $400 million profit that European carriers made in 2012, the EBIT margin of just 1.3% is the weakest among the major regions and well below the industry average of 3.2%. Slowly improving performance is largely being driven by long-haul markets and economic stabilization in the Eurozone. The benefits of these improvements are not being equally shared. On a geographical basis we see stronger performance in the German and UK markets. There is also a divergence of performance based on size and scale. Larger airline groups and airlines with well-developed long-haul operations are performing better than smaller carriers largely dependent on intra-European travel. Overall, we expect a 4.0% expansion of passenger demand with only a 2.8% increase in capacity.
The outlook for Asia-Pacific airlines is downgraded by $1.5 billion to $3.1 billion profits largely driven by slower growth among the region’s emerging economies. Asia-Pacific carriers are the largest players in global cargo markets and the most impacted by its flat performance. This has been somewhat offset by a strengthening domestic market in China. Japanese carriers are also seeing a boost as a result of monetary expansion, more favorable exchange rates and the impacts of industry restructuring. We expect robust passenger demand growth of 6.6% to be outstripped by a 6.9% increase in capacity.
The outlook for Latin American carriers is unchanged at $600 million profits. Economic weakness in Brazil is being offset by performance improvements as a result of restructuring and capacity discipline. The long-haul market between North and South America continues to grow. New South-South connectivity to Africa and Asia (particularly for cargo) is also showing promise, although obscured somewhat by the cyclical downturn in many emerging economies. Passenger demand growth of 6.0% is expected to outstrip capacity expansion of 5.3%.